The Left And Right Brain Theory

The human brain is divided into two: the right brain and the left brain. The Herrmann brain dominance theory provides good details on how both divisions of the brain co-ordinate and also gives the functions of each side of the brain. The theory was developed by William Herrmann while leading management at the general electric company. In his model, Herrmann identified four different modes of thinking. The first mode of thinking according to the theory which is analytical thinking involves activities such as collecting data, judging ideas based on facts and logical reasoning.The second mode of thinking is sequential thinking and involves activities such as following direction and structured problem solving. The third type of thinking involves listening and expressing ideas as well as group interaction and is known as interpersonal thinking. The last type of thinking is the imaginative thinking in which individuals look at the bigger picture. (Voges, 2005). The theory thus suggests tha t people develop a thinking preference. Analytical techniques are associated with the left brain while intuitive understanding is associated with the right brain.A person may therefore be dominant in analytical style of thinking but be weaker in interpersonal style of thinking meaning that the person’s left brain is dominant. According to the theory however, all people use all styles but to varying degrees. (De Boer, 2001) Brain hemispheres develop symmetrically meaning that the functions that develop on one side of the brain also develop on the other side. A child who suffers brain injury before attaining the age of four years can utilize the other side of the brain for basic functions.However, the child will not grow normally. This is what happens in children otherwise known as alpha or right brained children. (Barbara, 1982). Most theories of curriculum consider cognition, maturation and development, concepts and skills, thinking skills and the philosophy of education. Mos t core subjects have moved toward student centered experiential and constructivists learning strategies. Constructivism is a theory the nature of knowledge with the belief that knowledge is created by people and influenced by among other things their values and culture.In curriculum therefore, the teacher is expected to pose problems that will challenge the student’s conception of reality. The doctrine of the theory supported by brain research makes it necessary to have major changes in the design and implementation of the curriculum of social studies. It is important to recognize that a child actively develops his /her own meanings from what he/she observes in the community. Change of curriculum in a manner that reflects this aspect would reflect the complex nature of meaning making.This theory supported by the brain dominance theory is very important in offering many social studies teachers a chance to make inquiry teachings a reality. This is because, the dominance theory clearly stipulates that there is a part of the brain charged with the responsibility of acquiring meanings and children therefore should be left to make interpretations on their own albeit under the guidance of teachers(Gibson & Roberta 2004). According to Carla Hannaford, learning is not all in our heads. Understanding and use of connections between the body and mind is the key to extensive learning.Carla also emphasizes the importance of teaching, valuing and developing the whole child. Both sides of the brain are balanced when children are involved in activities such as crawling because Carla argues that learning begins with movement in response to stimulus and then create a context to understand the sensory input. Just as the constructivist theory, understanding has to be made by the children them selves through the coordination of the brain hemispheres, and not just forced on a child. (Carla ,1995)When a child is reading, it is true that not all words are read correctly and man y mistakes are made in the process. An interactive form of learning which involves discussions and hands on experiment where learners try and fail and keep on trying until they get the right thing is very vital in enhancing the child’s reading capabilities. This form of learning falls in the third form of thinking according to the Herrmann’s theory. To help the child further his/her reading capabilities, it is also important that procedural learning be applied.This form of learning involves methodical step by step testing of what is being learnt. This means that the teacher will ask a child to read out some words that had earlier been taught. The constant reference to earlier works and readings will help the child to fully learn. Procedural learning falls in the second category of thinking according to Herrmann’s dominance theory and thus the opposite side of the interactive learning theory. (De Boer, 2001)It is important to note that even if the dominance theor y suggests that people have one side of their brains dominant over the other, comprehensive learning is all about the use of the entire brain. The use of all quadrants as categorized in the dominance theory is the only way to help achieve a students full potential. REFERENCE: De Boer Ann – Louis. â€Å"The value of HBDI in facilitating effective teaching and learning in criminology. † Acta criminologica vol 14(1)2001. Acessed 21st May 2008 from http://www. hbdi. co. za/deboervdb. pdf . Voges, A.â€Å"research on how adults learn† University of Pretoria. (2005)accessed 21st may 2008 from http://upetd. up. ac. za/thesis/available/etd-08112005-153748/unrestricted/02chapter2. pdf Barbara, M. (1982). Unicorns are real A right brained approach to learning. jalmar press. Gibson, S. Roberta, M. (2004) â€Å"What Constructivist Theory and Brain Research May Offer Social Studies† constructive curriculum theory. Accessed 21st May 2008 from http://cc. ctu. edu. tw/~g eek/Constructivist%20Curriculum%20Model. htm Carla, H. (1995) Smart moves. Great ocean publishers

Combined sentence Essay

1) Sexism extends even into the area of automobile driving, it seems. Believing that they are far better drivers than women. Men consider women drivers incompetent, inattentive, and even dangerous behind the wheel. -It seems that sexism extends even into the area of automobile driving. Believing that they are far better drivers than women, men consider women drivers incompetent, inattentive, and even dangerous behind the wheel. 2) However, statistics prove that women are, in fact, safer drivers than men. For example, insurance rates. Insurance rates for women are 20 percent lower than they are for men. Another proof is that more accidents are caused by male drivers between the ages of 18 and 25 than by any other group. Also, the greater percentage of accidents involving deaths cause by men. Although women are criticized for being too cautious. They are really just being safe drivers. -However, statistics prove that women are, in fact, safer drivers than men. For example, insurance rates for women are 20 percent lower than they are for men. Another proof is that more accidents are caused by male drivers between the ages of 18 and 25 than by any other group and the greater percentage of accidents involving deaths cause by men. Although women are criticized for being too cautious, they are really just being safe drivers. 3) The reasons for women drivers’ safer driving habits can perhaps be found in the different attitudes of the sexes toward automobiles. On the one hand, women drivers who regard the automobile as a convenience. Like a washing machine. On the other hand men regard the automobile as an extension of their egos. Using it as a weapon when they feel particularly aggressive. Or using it as a status symbol. -The reasons for women drivers’ safer driving habits can perhaps be found in the different attitudes of the sexes toward automobiles. On the one hand, women drivers who regard the automobile as a convenience like a washing machine; on the other hand, men regard the automobile as an extension of their egos, using it as a weapon when they feel particularly aggressive, or using it as a status symbol. 4) All in all, women are safer drivers. Because of their attitude. Men can  learn to become safe drivers. If they adopt the attitude that an automobile is merely a convenience. -All in all, women are safer drivers because of their attitude. Men can learn to become safe drivers, if they adopt the attitude that an automobile is merely a convenience. 2. (a) Electric cars are powered solely by batteries. (b) The new hybrid vehicles switch between electricity and gasoline. -Electric cars are powered solely by batteries, but the new hybrid vehicles switch between electricity and gasoline. 3. (a) Government and private agencies have spent billions of dollars advertising the dangers of smoking. (b) The number of smokers is still increasing. -Even though government and private agencies have spent billions of dollars advertising the dangers of smoking, the number of smokers is still increasing. 4. (a) Some students go to a vocational school to learn a trade. (b) Some students go to college to earn a degree -Some students go to a vocational school to learn a trade, but some students go to college to earn a degree. 5. (a) The grading system at our college should be abolished. (b) The students do not like getting grades.(c) The instructions do not enjoy giving grades. -The grading system at our college should be abolished as (or because/since) the students do not like getting grades, and the instructions do not enjoy giving grades. 6. (a) Education in a free society teaches children how to think. (b) Education in a dictatorship teaches children what to think. -Education in a free society teaches children how to think, but education in a dictatorship teaches children what to think.

A Depiction Of Berlin In Robert Walser’s “Berlin Stories” and Walter Benjamin’s “Berlin Childhood Around 1900”

A Depiction Of Berlin In Robert Walser’s â€Å"Berlin Stories† and Walter Benjamin’s â€Å"Berlin Childhood Around 1900† Robert Walser’s â€Å"Berlin Stories† is a collection of vignettes that track his observation during his jaunts through the city. Walter Benjamin’s â€Å"Berlin Childhood Around 1900† is an attempt by Benjamin to recollect his urban childhood as an adult in exile. They both write about Berlin at the turn of the century but are able to produce images of the city that are at once captivating in their portrayal of a city in constant movement and honest in their dealings with the realities of modern life. In presenting Berlin as both a voluptuous giantess and a protective mother, the authors show that modernity can be both sensual and nurturing. In Walser’s â€Å"Good Morning, Giantess!† the titular figure is the city of Berlin: â€Å"The chest expands, the giantess Metropolis has just, with the most voluptuous leisureliness, pulled on her sun-shimmery chemise. A giantess like this doesn’t dress so quickly, but each of her beautiful, huge motions is fragrant and steams and pounds and peals.† (Walser 5) By likening Berlin to a giantess, Walser merges images of power and sexuality. The city steams and pounds and peals† but also expands its chest with a â€Å"voluptuous leisureliness.† Significantly, the giantess’ power is a mechanical power. Each of her motions â€Å"steams and pounds and peals,† invoking images of the modern factory, calling to mind Berlin’s namesake—Europe’s Fabrikstadt. Additionally, Walser points out that, â€Å"A giantess like this doesn’t dress so quickly.† The giantess Metropolis is slow and leisurely, and the language that Walser uses here even slows down the reader—â€Å"sun-shimmery chemise.† This language even extends to passages where Walser describes Berlin’s urban rush: â€Å"what a ravishing, beguiling haste can be seen in all this ostensible packed-in-ness and sober-mindedness† (11). By using sensuous language and a deliberate pace, Walser makes even Berlin’s hurriedness and crowdedness part of the city’s allure. However, Berlin, like a giantess, is frightening, even disgusting. Before the day breaks, â€Å"before even the electric trams are running,† Berlin is not a giantess, but a monster (3). Placing the reader in Berlin’s cold, early morning streets, Walser writes, â€Å"you trot along, rubbing your hands, and watch people coming out of the gates and doorways of their buildings, as though some impatient monster were spewing out warm, flaming saliva† (3). This disgusting image of a salivating monster deviates sharply from the image of a luxurious giantess slowly pulling on her chemise. This is because Walser is showing the reader the â€Å"dark side† of Berlin: the class divide. The people â€Å"coming out of the gates and doorways of their buildings† are lower class workers or, as Walser puts it, â€Å"people of no significance† (4). Walser contrasts these people with Berlin’s upper class, namely, â€Å"refined persons who make it a habit to arise late† and â€Å"the children of wealthy, beautiful parents† who are still asleep as the hoi polloi make their morning commute. Alternatively, in Benjamin’s â€Å"Berlin Childhood Around 1900† the city of Berlin acts as a surrogate mother. Benjamin calls the loggias in which he grew up while living in Berlin â€Å"the cradle in which the city laid its new citizen† (Benjamin 38). By merging images of Berlin with images of maternity, Benjamin introduces the city as a nurturer and protector. By carrying over images of maternity to a city as urban as Berlin, Benjamin is showing how memories of his Berlin childhood can be just as tender and innocent as â€Å"memories of a childhood spent in the country† (38). According to Benjamin, â€Å"The rhythm of the metropolitan railway and of carpet-beating rocked me to sleep,† and this imagery demonstrates Berlin’s ability to â€Å"nurse† young Benjamin in spite of its urban technology and elbow-to-elbow housing arrangements. Overall, Benjamin attempts to forge an image of the city that is nurturing and protective, despite i ts lack of rolling fields and lowing cattle. The juxtaposition of maternity and technology occurs later in the text when Benjamin describes the household telephone: â€Å"The night from which [the noises of the telephone] came was the one that precedes every true birth. And the voice that slumbered in those instruments was a newborn voice. Each day and every hour, the telephone was my twin brother.† (48) Here the reader encounters a young child’s wonder at modern technology, but, interestingly, Benjamin illustrates this by invoking images of maternity. Benjamin ascribes to the ring of the telephone the life-giving function which gives birth to both the voices on the other end of the phone call and young Benjamin himself. In other words, the telephone brings life into the home but also calls everyone within earshot of its ring into existence. However, in 1900, the German countryside had virtually no telephones while in Berlin these same devices were commonplace in middleclass family homes. By extending the maternal, life-giving language to the city’s technology, Benjamin establishing Berlin and its modernity as a city full of life. However, besides its ability to give life, the telephone also â€Å"multipl[ies] the terrors of the Berlin household† (49). The language that Benjamin uses to describe himself working up the courage to answer the phone as a child is fraught with violence and fear. According to Benjamin, â€Å"There was nothing to allay the violence with which [the telephone] pierced me,† shifting the image of the telephone from life-giver to violent penetrator (50). Earlier, Benjamin described the way the telephone slowly conquered his home, moving from a â€Å"dark hallway in the back of the house† to the front room, and now the phone has become a violating and intrusive presence (48). In this way, Benjamin paints an image of a modern childhood in an urban city that is nurturing and full of life but also filled with violence and fear in the form of technology. Between Robert Walser’s â€Å"Berlin Stories† and Walter Benjamin’s â€Å"Berlin Childhood Around 1900,† Berlin becomes both a voluptuous giantess and a nurturing mother. Berlin as giantess paints an image of the city that is sensual and leisurely, and Berlin as mother establishes the city as protective and life-giving. Of course, Berlin is far from a utopia, but these images transform what was at the turn of the city a dirty, overcrowded, and in many ways ugly city into a place that both of these authors is able to present proudly and lovingly to the reader.

Analysis of Saudi Mutual Funds Regression Results Speech or Presentation

Analysis of Saudi Mutual Funds Regression Results - Speech or Presentation Example The significant predictors are MSCI Asia Equity Index, b = 0.1971, p It is also worth mentioning that the other four benchmarks namely, MSCI North America Equity Index, MSCI Europe Equity Index, Saudi Large-cap Growth Equity Portfolio Returns, Citigroup/Salomon Brothers World Money Market (one-month) Index, are not statistically significant predictors of total weekly returns. It can be interpreted to mean that whatever effect these benchmarks seemed to have on total weekly returns are not supported by any statistical evidence. Rather, these effects may simply be due to chance. In addition, the constant coefficient is also not significant. Upon closer inspection of the values of the coefficients of the twelve benchmarks, it can be observed that there are six positive predictors and two negative predictors of total weekly returns. The positive predictors are MSCI Asia Equity Index, MSCI GCC ex-Saudi Arabia Equity Index, Barclays Capital / Lehman Brothers Global Corporate Bond Index, Saudi Large-cap Value Equity Portfolio Returns, Saudi Small-cap Equity Portfolio Returns, and S & P / Goldman Sachs Commodity Index. This means that as these benchmarks become higher, total weekly returns generated by Saudi mutual funds also becomes higher. Furthermore, among these positive predictors, it can be seen that Barclays Capital / Lehman Brothers Global Corporate Bond Index has the highest effect of all, contributing

Conflict of Interest between Owners and Operators Essay

Conflict of Interest between Owners and Operators - Essay Example This paper examines the nature of the duty to avoid a conflict of interest on the part of owners and operators in company law. This research, however, is industry based and focuses on the nature of that duty in the gas and oil industry. In this regard, the nature and legal consequences of oil and gas agreements are examined. Once the various methods for engaging oil and gas contracts are explained, this research then turns its attention to the law relative to the corporate duty to avoid a conflict of interest and how that duty is interpreted and applied by the courts. The duty is then tied together with the owner and operator of the oil and gas industries. It is a common principle of company law that directors are required to put the interest of the company first and to avoid situations in which there is not only a conflict of interest but that there is a possibility of a conflict of interest. This rule is generally treated by the courts as entirely inflexible. As such it places upon the operator in an oil and gas agreement an onerous and quite often insurmountable burden as these persons are almost always involved in situations where there is a possibility of a conflict of interest. However, some court judgments such as Bray and Ford have relaxed the inflexible rule, holding that not all transactions are necessarily improper or illegal. This ruling could ease the unrealistic burden on operators who quite often come into contact with persons and entities that might have an interest that calls upon the operator to exercise a duty that might conflict with the oil and gas company whom he/she represents and serves.

Describe and evaluate the main macroeconomic policies used by the Essay - 2

Describe and evaluate the main macroeconomic policies used by the Government and Central Bank of China over the last two years - Essay Example Resultantly, China made an agreement with the International Monetary Fund that saw it joining the World Trade Organization and from then, the country has world-record economic advancements from dominating in foreign trade and multiple influxes of extraneous nonstop investments. In the management of any economy, the state and authority have the obligation of approving the contradictory policies (especially for currency) because failure to this results to instability of currency both at home and around the globe, mostly a decrease in value. This is a nightmare for any country or market so the monetary authorities enforce all the conflicting policies to avoid such a situation. Most of the business gurus and specialists argue that it is impossible for a country or economy to have utter investment suppleness, stable exchange rate and sovereign pecuniary policy all at the same time; definitely, at a particular time, one of these three factors changes. For the last two years, they has been a steady rise of influxes of international capital into China with the above issue of having all the three factors emerging everywhere around the country; however, the core facilitator of this is the projected escalation in value of the RMB chattels after its rise (Flassbeck 20 14). As of mid-2013, China’s extraneous exchange investments were over three thousand billion dollars, which was around three quarters of the assets of the core bank in China, PBC; resultantly, the government has contributed greatly to this, especially with its increased persistence on the matter of appreciating RMB. During a period of ten years (2003-2013), China’s funds multiplied by eleven times with a greater increase margin for foreign exchange; obviously, this development over such a period is impressive for any economy. Decisively, the central bank of China (People’s Bank of China) lay out policies and initiatives for stability

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 4

Business Law - Essay Example However, under the intention to contract, neither of the parties had the intention to contract because Bob only offered a gift to Ted as a form of gratitude for helping him. Therefore, since there was no intention to contract, then it implies that there was no existing contract between Bob and Ted. The element of consideration also indicates that there had been no existing contract between the two parties (Burton, 2009). Under the element of consideration, a gift is different from a contract. A gift is a cost-free and voluntary conveyance of property from one individual to another (Stone, 2008). Therefore, it does not serve as fulfillment of a promise. Therefore, Ted cannot sue Bob for failure of paying him the $100 since there was no existing contract between them. Question Two (a) Betty’s contract is indeed valid since there was an offer to contract, made by Betty, which the owner of the local sporting goods store accepted. The element of consideration also exists in the con tracts since; Betty gave out her collection of dolls for the bat, ball and glove. Both parties also intended to contract because; they both expressed willingness to reach into an agreement, which they both fulfilled. However, in the case of capacity to contract, Betty had no capacity to contract since, under the law, she is an infant. ... Therefore, Betty can indeed get out of the contract since; the law does not view her baseball items as necessities. Question Two (b) In the case where Betty had contracted to exchange her doll collection for shoes and clothes, she will not be able to get out of the contract since; she will now be bound by the contract. The law defines necessities as all goods that infants require, and are suitable to the infant’s conditions at the time of sale and delivery (Feinberg, 2005). Therefore, shoes and clothes are necessities because, Betty had worn out clothes and; therefore; she needed the clothes. Consequently, in this case, the contract binds the infant (Betty) and thus she will not be able to get out. Question 3 (a) An intended beneficiary is an individual who is a third party to the contract apart from the other two basic parties to the contract. The individual benefits from the contract when one party (the promisee) gets into an agreement with another party (the promisor) to pr ovide services to the promisor while the third party (intended beneficiary) receives the benefits (Feinberg, 2005). Therefore, the promisee must intend to benefit the third party. Ethel is indeed an intended beneficiary of the contract because she is benefitting from services that Dan is receiving from Jen. Although she is not part of the contract between Dan and Jen, she benefits through Jens intention. Question 3 (b) The contract between Dan and Jen must indeed be in writing in order to ensure certainty of transactions and future security. According to the element of formalities, the requirement of writing prevents fraud by either of the parties (O'Sullivan & Hilliard, 2006). A party to a contract may perpetuate fraud by insisting that there is no

Hamlet-Prince of Denmark by William Shakespeare Essay

Hamlet-Prince of Denmark by William Shakespeare - Essay Example All these reasons reveal the strength in his personality reflected through his fairness, his patience and his beliefs in religious values. The seriousness of the ghost’s revelation urges Hamlet to be somewhat suspicious and strive to verify the foundation of this accusation. Even though Hamlet is strongly affected by the revelation about the murder of his father, he wisely decides not to let his anger dictate his moves. He states: â€Å"The Spirit that I have seen / May be the devil, and the devil hath power / T’ assume a pleasing shape† (Shakespeare 2.2. 1046). His ability to doubt the truth around the ghost’s words and, therefore, give the benefit of doubt to his uncle demonstrates his fairness and much self-control. Instead of acting in anger and haste, he decides to find the evidence of the ghost’s claims by setting up a play representing the crime scene as the ghost told him: â€Å"I’ll have these players / play something like the murde r of my father / Before mine uncle. I’ll observe his looks† (Shakespeare 2.2. 1046). Through this play, Hamlet becomes a detective watching carefully his uncle’s reaction to the performance. ... 1034). Indeed, Polonius recognizes some wisdom in Hamlet’s speech even though his philosophical reflections may seem senile to most. This so called madness makes both the King and Queen worried, which keeps away any suspicion until The Mousetrap provokes a deep anger in the King. Indeed, the play causes Claudius to question Hamlet’s madness and threaten to send him in exile: â€Å"I like him not, nor stands it safe with us / to let his madness range. Therefore prepare you / I your commission will forth with dispatch, / And he to England shall along with you† (Shakespeare 3.3.1060). Even though The Mousetrap allows Hamlet to prove Claudius’ guilt, it also exposes Hamlet to exile, which further delays his revenge plans. Hamlet’s madness contributes to hide his plans of revenge but his so called love affair with Ophelia also plays a key role. This relationship draws much attention in the palace and is held responsible for his strange behavior. Talking to Ophelia, the Queen states: â€Å"And for your part, Ophelia, I do wish / That your good beauties be the happy cause / Of Hamlet’s wildness† (Shakespeare 3.1.1045). This association between the love affair and Hamlet’s madness allows him to keep his secret even though he has not been able to accomplish his revenge. The consciousness of his uncle’s wickedness and his mother’s naivety incite him to take these cautions measures in order to protect himself. However, alert as always, Claudius questions his motives and becomes suspicious. He reflects: â€Å"Love? His affections do not that way tend; / Nor what he spake, though it lacked form a little, / Was not like madness† (Shakespeare 3.1.1048). The denial of both Hamlet’s love and madness reveals Claudius’ nihilistic nature and shows the danger which

Managing Business Operations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Managing Business Operations - Assignment Example It also suggests strategies that can be applied by the senior management within the organization to reduce and improve on costs. The concept of operations management is mandatory in businesses as it is concerned with the creation of goods and services (Slack, Chambers and Johnston 2010). All organizations are involved in the manufacture of goods or service whether the organization is small- scale or large- scale, public or private profit- making or non- profit making. Most businesses have come to understand the importance of operations. This is owing to the fact that effective operations management enables a company to improve quality and service delivery. Operations management touches on all aspects of the business, not just on ‘operations’ (Slack et al. 2009). It is the centre of changes affecting businesses in the contemporary world including changing supply networks, technology and diverse customer needs. Operations managers should be creative to enable them respond to these changes. They must find solutions to these changes and be socially responsible. Analysis of the current operations management The hospital is regarded as one of the best health care centers in the US and attracts patients all over the world. As a characteristic for quality, its mission is to redefine quality as being the top place to receive and purchase health care. The hospital provides best environment for theirs staff to work and practice medicine. It has also positioned itself as the best organization to associate with. The institution was started nearly 85 years ago by a young Swedish emigrant known as Dr Nils Johanson as a non- profit hospital in Seattle. Fellow Swedish emigrants contributed to buy bonds for the renovation of the building in which the hospital was established. During its first years of operations, the founders paid for the costs of operations out of the pockets. This was the advent of a legacy of humanitarians that transformed the hospital into a glo bal health centre. In order to get an understanding of the current operations management, it is critical to look at the aspects below as expressed by Johnston and Clark (2008). Process- based capabilities The hospital focuses on developing systems that improve and reduce costs. There are innovative surgical pathways that direct the patients from the pre- admission to rehabilitation. They focus on patient education and communication which makes patients feel at control, it also minimizes complications and gives them quick recovery (Johnston and Clark 2008). The hospital has the necessary technology and facilities allowing the doctors to undertake research and new techniques. Resources The hospital has a wide range of resources that aid in delivery of excellent medical care. In the first years of operations, it was established in a renovated apartment building, had twenty for beds and limited staff. This has changed as the hospital is spread across twenty four blocks and two campuses. The number of beds has also increased to 860. The hospital currently has 4000 staff members with 1500 physicians in all medical specialties. The hospital maintains a continuing medical research in its commitment to maintain excellence as suggested by Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences (2003). There are more than 350 treatment protocols under investigation at any specific time. Patients who

Evidence-based practice in Cognitive-behavioural Therapy for Essay

Evidence-based practice in Cognitive-behavioural Therapy for Schizophrenia - Essay Example Thus far, there is no legitimate group assigned to give definition to formal EBP for mental disorder. Therefore, a broader understanding of EBP necessitates up to date and unbroken knowledge of clinical evidence associated with the treatment of mental illnesses. This essay discusses evidence-based practice for cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) in schizophrenia. This is an important issue to discuss in the field of EBP because there are still a lot of unsettled problems that need a certain extent of care in the implementation of CBT methods. Empirical support for CBT has been fairly substantial to justify application for the treatment of schizophrenia in the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, the empirical support concerning CBT has critical weaknesses. There are still problems in understanding CBT’s specificity and the stability of any positive outcome beyond the duration of the treatment itself (Gaudiano 2006, 3). The explanation for the conflicting results is not identified and thus is uncertain. Such unsettled issues suggest the importance of further controlled, randomised studies placing emphasis on the stability and specificity of any supposed positive effects of CBT. Empirical Support for EBP in Schizophrenia A primary motivator for studies on psychological treatments for individuals with schizophrenia is the reality that a large number of people still develop signs of psychosis—possibly 40 percent—in spite of intervention with antipsychotics (Roth & Fonagy 2005, 281). CBT administered to clients individually has been examined for community-based samples of individuals with mental illness, for severe current-onset mental disorder, and for relapse avoidance. More currently, research has also started to consider administering CBT to individuals who are highly susceptible to mental illness (Whitfield & Davidson 2007, 47). Even though there are proofs that CBT can have numerous positive outcomes, these proofs are not definite. A major questi on is which benefits should be considered vital. The study of Rector and Beck (2001) focusing on CBT for delusions discovered positive outcomes for CBT combined with less detailed psychosocial treatments. Likewise, several individual investigations have discovered evident benefits of controlled CBT-based models such as with regard to relapse rates. But on the contrary, other studies that have focused on rates of relapse, such as the study of Pilling and associates (2002), have discovered that CBT does not improve them. CBT for schizophrenia is intended to be a supplementary therapy to pharmacotherapy; hence, controlled, randomised studies before usually used supplement research paradigms, evaluating usual treatment against usual treatment in addition to CBT. After a number of trials discovered definite gains for CBT outside usual treatment, accurately designed trials started to surface evaluation CBT against nonspecific treatments (Gaudiano 2006, 2). As expected, findings evaluating CBT against another treatment were less notable. A number of metal-analyses have been made public in the past summing up the results of treatment demonstrated in investigations of CBT for mental illness. Tarrier and Wykes (2004), derived from a current review of 19 clinical studies, discovered an â€Å"effect-size difference between CBT and comparison conditions of .37 at post-treatment on

Business Communication Essay Example for Free

Business Communication Essay Q 1. Describe any situation that you experienced where the communication went wrong because the listening was faulty. Analyze the situation by explaining the type of listening barrier. . How could this barrier be overcome? (10 marks). The following example illustrates an organizational barrier to communication. By the time the message is passed down from the Chief to the lower level Executives, it is distorted completely, so much so that the original message is interpreted differently by each level in the organization. Memo from CEO to Manager: Today at 11 o’clock there will be a total eclipse of the sun. This is when the sun disappears behind the moon for 2 minutes. As this is something that cannot be seen every day, time will be allowed for employees to view the eclipse in the parking lot. Staff should meet in the lot at ten to eleven, when I will deliver a short speech introducing the eclipse, and giving some background information. Safety goggles will be made available at a small cost. Memo from Manager to Department Head: Today at ten to eleven, all staff should meet in the car park. This will be followed by a total eclipse of the sun, which will appear for 2 minutes. For a moderate cost, they will be made safe with goggles. The CEO will deliver a short speech beforehand to give us all some information. This is not something that can be seen everyday. Memo from the Department Head to Floor Manager: The CEO will today deliver a speech to make the sun disappear for 2 minutes in the form of an eclipse. This is something that cannot be seen everyday so staff will meet in the car  park at ten or eleven. This will be safe, if you pay a moderate cost. Memo from Floor Manager to Supervisor: Ten or eleven staff are to go to the car park, where the CEO will eclipse the sun for 2 minutes. This does not happen everyday. It will be safe, and as usual it will cost you. Memo from Supervisor to Staff: Some staff will go to the car park today to see the CEO disappear. It is a pity this doesn’t happen everyday. Communication was filtered or misinterpreted because of the following barriers: Organizational Barriers – In organizations that are too hierarchical, that is, where there are multiple â€Å"layers†, messages may have to pass through many levels before they finally reach the receiver. Each level may add to, modify or completely change the message, so much so that it becomes distorted by the time it reaches the intended receiver. In other words, there is likely to be loss of meaning and the message may not reach the receiver in the same way as it was intended by the sender. Another type of organizational barrier is a departmental barrier. This means that each department in an organization functions in isolation and there is no co-ordination or communication between them. This barrier could be overcome by the following methods: 1. Encourage Feedback – Organizations should try to improve the communication system by getting feedback from the messages already sent. Feedback can tell the managers whether the message has reached the receiver in the intended way or not. 2. Create a Climate of Openness – A climate of trust and openness can go a long way in removing organizational barriers to communication. All subordinates or junior employees should be allowed to air their opinions and differences without fear of being penalized. 3. Use Multiple Channels of Communication – Organizations should encourage the use of multiple channels of communication, in order to make sure that messages reach the intended receivers without fail. This means using a combination of both oral and written channels, as well as formal (official) and informal (unofficial) channels of communication. The types of channels will be discussed in detail later, in a separate unit. Q 2. Select a business article from any business publication. Evaluate it in terms of : a) Appropriate level of readability b) Use of jargon, slang and metaphors c) Use of simple vs. complex words. Is it well or poorly written, in your opinion? Attach a copy of the article with your response. (10 marks) World Markets Rise As Double-Dip Fears Ease: World stock markets advanced modestly Monday as investors rode momentum from Friday, when an upbeat U.S. jobs report eased fears that the global economy could slip back into recession. With Wall Street closed for a holiday, however, trading was expected to remain light. Markets took heart after official data last week showed private employers in the U.S. added 67,000 jobs in August, more than analysts expected. The figure bolstered optimism that the U.S. will maintain a slow but steady recovery from last years recession and avoid another economic contraction later this year. By mid-afternoon in Europe, Britains FTSE 100 index was up 0.3 percent at 5,446.17, Germanys DAX was 0.3 percent higher at 6,153.31 and Frances CAC-40 was up 0.3 percent at 3,684.20. Asian indexes closed higher and trading on Wall Street was to remain shut for Labor Day weekend after closing higher on Friday. With most major governments reining in economic stimulus measures and many pushing through austerity spending cuts to reduce deficits, investors worry the global economy would be pushed into a double dip recession, particularly  as the U.S. slows down quickly. Because the U.S. economy is the worlds largest and consumer spending there accounts for a fifth of global economic activity, the stronger-than-expected jobs data on Friday helped calm investors frayed nerves after weeks of worrying indicators. The renewed flight to safety we have witnessed over the past month is overdone and risks an equally large reversal when the worries over a double dip subside, analysts from Rabobank said in a report. As the unexciting, steady and below-trend global recovery continues, its important not to confuse it with a double dip recession. Japans benchmark Nikkei 225 stock index climbed 2.1 percent, or 187.19, to 9,301.32 and South Koreas Kospi rose 0.7 percent to 1,792.42. Hong Kongs Hang Seng index added 1.8 percent to 21,355.77. Australias SP/ASX 200 gained 0.8 percent at 4,575.50. Markets in mainland China, Taiwan, India, Indonesia and Singapore were also higher. The Dow Jones industrial average jumped 1.2 percent to close at 10,447.93 on Friday. The broader Standard Poors 500 Index rose 1.3 percent to 1,104.51. Shares in the U.S. ended the week in the positive, the first time that has happened in a month. The early gains in September mark a stark turnaround from August trade, when shares fell on doubts about the global economic recovery. The dollar fell to 84.24 yen from 84.27 yen on Friday. The euro was slightly lower at $1.2880 from $1.2895. Benchmark oil for October delivery was down 40 cents at $74.20 a barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange. The contract fell 42 cents to settle at $74.60 on Friday. Jargon refers to technical terms or specialized vocabulary. Some of the  technical terms mentioned above are â€Å"rode momentum, Kospi, FTSE, CAC, DAX, calm investors frayed nerves, etc.† More complex words and phrases are written in the above article and this reduces the level of readability when read by a common man. The above article is well written, however, the reader of the article should have a certain amount of knowledge in the field of stock trading and world financial markets. Q 3 List out and briefly explain five â€Å"do†s and â€Å"don’t’s† for each of participants and chairperson of a meeting. (10 marks). Before the Meeting As pointed out earlier, meetings need to be planned in advance, so that they are successful. Before any planning can be done however, a basic question to be asked is whether to hold a meeting at all. The answers to the following questions would help to decide whether a meeting is necessary in the first place – -Can the matter be decided or discussed over the telephone? -Can the matter be expressed in writing, in the form of a memo, or an email message? -Are key people available to attend the meeting and are they prepared? -Is the time allotted for the meeting sufficient? If the answers to the first two questions are yes and the answers to the other two questions are no, there is no purpose in calling a meeting. Once the need for a meeting has been determined, the next step is to start planning the meeting. First of all, the type and number of participants should be decided. A problem solving meeting should include representatives from all departments, since the decision would otherwise be incomplete. Shareholders, who are the owners of the company, should also be included. In terms of numbers, the size of the group could be anywhere between seven and eleven members. An exception to this is an information sharing meeting, where the numbers could be larger, so that a maximum number of people benefit from the information. The second and most important step in planning a meeting is to indicate the purpose or agenda of the meeting to the participants in advance. An agenda  is essentially a list of topics that will be discussed during a meeting. In the words of Adler and Elmhorst, â€Å"A meeting without an agenda is like a ship at sea without a destination or compass: no one aboard knows where it is or where it is headed.† An agenda is prepared by the Chairperson of the meeting, or the person who calls the meeting. During the Meeting: The task of conducting and moderating the meeting rests with the chairperson. He or she must be well versed with the procedures for opening the meeting, encouraging balanced participation, and solving problems creatively, concluding the meeting and managing time efficiently. We shall discuss each of these procedures in detail. 1. Opening the Meeting – The manner in which the meeting is opened is important, since a good opening will ensure that the rest of the meeting will proceed smoothly. There are different ways of opening a meeting. Generally, it is best to sum up what has been stated in the agenda – including the goals, background information and expectations of the participants. It is also a good idea to provide an outline of how the meeting will proceed, as well as a time budget. 2. Encouraging Balanced Participation – It is also the responsibility of the chairperson to encourage silent members to contribute to the meeting and to moderate the dominant members, so that they do not â€Å"hijack† the meeting. There are several techniques to encourage participation –  · Encourage Participation in the Reverse Order of Seniority – This means getting the junior members to speak or air their opinions first. If the senior people speak first, they may feel suppressed or be afraid to disagree with their superiors.  · Nominal Group Technique – In this method, the meeting participants are encouraged to work and contribute their ideas independently 3. Managing Time – There is no prescribed length for a meeting. The duration of a meeting will depend on the type and purpose of the meeting. Generally, problem-solving meetings will take longer than other routine meetings. In any case, the chairperson should set a time budget for the meeting, depending on the agenda and ensure adherence to the time limit. 4. Keeping the Meeting Focused – Often, a lot of time is wasted during meetings by going off track and by discussing topics that are irrelevant. In such situations, it is the responsibility of the chairperson, or the person moderating the discussion to make sure that the discussion remains focused on the topics mentioned in the agenda. 5. Ensuring â€Å"Convergence† – Convergence means hearing the points of view of all the members and then arriving at a decision. It is again the responsibility of the chairperson to bring the meeting to a point where an opinion emerges on each item of the agenda. 6. Summing Up – This means summing up the different points of view, the decisions and the actions to be taken. This should be done by the chairperson, identifying the role of each person on each item of the agenda, along with a specified deadline. Example – Chris will take the responsibility of contacting the media and sending material for advertisements and press releases by March 13th. 7. Concluding the Meeting – The way a meeting is concluded is as important as the opening, since it will influence the follow-up action taken on decisions made during the meeting. The chairperson should know when and how to conclude the meeting. The meeting should normally be concluded at the scheduled closing time, unless important issues still remain to be discussed and members are willing to extend the meeting. Sometimes meetings may be concluded before the closing time, when key decision makers are not present, or when important information such as cost figures are not available. 8. Keeping â€Å"Minutes† of the Meeting – Since meetings are called to take important decisions concerning the organization, it is important to maintain a permanent written record of the proceedings, which can be referred to at a later stage, or serve as a guide for action. Such a record is known as â€Å"minutes† of the meeting and may be done in an informal or formal manner, depending on the type of meeting.

From personal experience Essay Example for Free

From personal experience Essay Life is a long journey. We are all bestowed with good and not-so-good moments in our life. As we grow older, we tend to face the hardships of the world. These days, lots of cobwebs have settled around and it feels as if we have totally forgotten the simple pleasures of life. During our stay in MFV Jose Law Office, or Opis as what we call it, we experienced a lot of things some were stressful, but most of the time, it was blissful. We experienced journeying into the unknown parts of the Philippines, from Kalookan, to Fairview, to Malabon, Tondo, and other places we thought we’d never go to. We experienced doing things that was very alien to us like using a Stenographic Typewriter, reading SCRA and SCRI, talking with other lawyers (in English), interviewing clients, and many others. Also the Flexible time, for someone like me, it was really germane. I wonder where I could find another office that has a flexible time and still pays me for a whole day. I also experienced being scolded by a court sheriff for taking pictures inside the court room. It was a very embarrassing experience, albeit a good and funny one. In fact, this is one of the reason I would never forget being in the Opis. Being with great and funny supervisors really made our stay in the Opis very worthwhile; in fact I don’t mind the transportation fee, because when I’m in the Opis, it feels like I’m also at home. And the best thing for me in being in the Opis, is the food. Hunger is not an option when in the office, whenever sir Ferds, or the other lawyers drop by, there’s always a pasalubong. And the best of the best things: we can take-out the rest, whether it’s yellow cab, angels’ pizza, Greenwich, or any food. During our college days, we often face many difficulties, many problems, but unto one side of the stories, there are those people, the people who help shape us into someone better. The reason why we are able to surpass this obstacles. I would like to take this opportunity to say Thank you to our wonderful supervisors, you really deserve to be called ‘supers’.

Asian Carp Problem Literature Review

Asian Carp Problem Literature Review Annotated Bibliography Michigan Radio Newsroom. Obama administration releases strategies for keeping Asian Carp out of the Great Lakes. Http://michiganradio.org. N.p., 26 July 2013. Web. 25 Jan. 2017. On June 3, 2016 the Michigan Public Radio, which is part of the NPR news station, did a story on the Asian Carp spreading into the Great Lakes. The article takes place in a meeting in Mackinac with the governors of Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana and the   Canadian province of Ontario. In this meeting they discussed some solutions about the Asian Carp getting through the shipping canal in Chicago. The Illinois governor believes that is reasonable the separate the great lakes from the Mississippi river system. the Indiana governor believes that if separated it will create a two billon dolor project that not every state can afford. it will cause additional harm if we separate and he believes that it is possible to control the growth of the population of the Asian Carp without closing the canal. The NPR organization does not list one author, its stories is written by many different writer. They are partners with PBS who is also a credible source. On the NPR website, it includes other links that take you to other credible sights. In general the website looks very professional and there are no issues with grammar, spelling, or punctuation. This specific story was done in 2016 which proves that is a current source. I would use this source in the middle of my essay because it explains both sides clearly. It supports both sides and helps explain why this topic is controversial. It also gives the insight of what high positions think about this topic and what they think the solution is. The news story shows that not every state or governor agrees on what to do about this problem and clearly explains the negative effect of each solution. Ontarios invading species awarness program. Asian Carps. Http://www.invadingspecies.com/. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2017. This website contain information on what the Canadians think what we should do about the Asian Carp problem. At the beginning of the article it gives you background information about the Asian carp. It then goes on and explains the negative impact the fish could have if it invades the Great Lakes. It also explain how to identify the fish if you were to encounter one. the website then explain what they think could be done to prevent the Asian Carp from spreading. This is done by certain fishing competitions and prevention of people making the Asian Carp situation worse. This website was done by the Ontarios invading species awareness program and is meant to inform people. Since 1992 they have contribute to the help of preventing the invasion species through different parts of Canada. They have engaged in hundreds of community groups and volunteer the monitor hundreds of water bodies. They have training of two hundred different technical professions and higher summer staff for the invading species hit squad to provide basic invasion species education. I would use this source at the beginning of my essay because the website conations a good explanation on what the invading Asian Carp is and what they look like. This website does a good job in providing basic threats to the great lakes such as how he Asian Carp can wipe of a whole ecosystem. It also explains how these fish are spreading through shipping vessels and containers and manmade canals. National Wildlife Federation. Asian Carp Threat to the Great Lakes. Https://www.nwf.org. N.p., 1996. Web. 25 Jan. 2017. In this website it contains an interview as well as information bout the threat the Asian Carp impose on the great lakes. The interview is from Dwayne Chapman, a fish biologist from Columbia Missouri who gives the scientific insight on the asian carp problem. He said that in the past there has been three fish caught but none in the last thirteen years. However this does not mean that there are no asian carps found in the great lakes. Scientists have found asian carp dna beyond the electric fence and in southern parts of lake erie. THis led to scientist questioning how the dna is being spread. is it being spread by the connection of he waterways or by other factors such as birds. this source is credible because it is the national wild life federation and has 11 offices across the united states. THey have national reconition and dedicate themselves to protect the wildlife. thisr director Collin OMara used to led the delaware department of natural reasources and the environmental control ans cabinet secretary from 2009 to 2014. He was also the youngest state cabinent member in the nation. The national wildlife federation is also a non profet organization. I would us this in my essay to support to close the connection of the great lakes to the chacago river. This is because is shows a map of ho spread out the asain carp isnot and how easy it could get into the great lakes. I would also use som of this informationat the beging of my essay bacause it explains the scientific view of the asain carp. this source strengthins my essay because it gives a good visual of where the asin carp are. It also provides scientific information by a porfessional to the public and the studies that they are conduction.

Essay --

When considering the topic of poverty and hunger, many Americans look outside the borders of the United States. However, food insecurity is an issue that plagues millions of American households each year. The United States Department of Agriculture found that 14.5% of American households faced food insecurity during 2012. These households were defined as having â€Å"difficulty at some time during the year providing enough food for all their members due to a lack of resources† (Nord, Singh, Coleman-Jensen). This is a problem that affects the nation entirely. However, there are some states that have a significantly larger population facing food insecurity. Many, but not all, of these states lie in the South Eastern region of the United States. Mississippi and Arkansas both have over 19.5% of their populations facing food insecurity (â€Å"Hunger and Poverty Statistics†). The US has been facing food security issues since its establishment. However, the problem began to draw immense public attention during the Great Depression. While there was not one sole focusing event, the images of bread lines and the millions of starving Americans caused policy makers to begin drafting legislation to alleviate these issues. This issue of hunger moved from the systematic agenda into the institutional agenda in May of 1939, when the first Food Stamp Program was piloted (â€Å"A Short History on SNAP†). However, this program became obsolete after just four years. It was not until 1961 that the federal government reinstituted a food distribution program. In fact, this was president John F. Kennedy’s first executive order (â€Å"A Short History on SNAP†). As time progressed, and political mood changed, many changes, modifications, and amendments have been made to the n... ... this policy, I would argue that the Supplemental Nutrition Program (SNAP) is extremely useful and beneficial for the American Public. Personally, I believe that the federal government has a responsibility to ensure that the basic needs of its citizens, such as food security, are met. This program has been proven to be effective in reducing the burden of food insecurity on many families and individuals nationwide. After reviewing the costs and efficiency of the program, it is clear that there is very little oversight and administrative cost burden placed on taxpayers. In addition, with stringent policies against SNAP fraud and trafficking, taxpayers can be ensured that their money goes to those in need. After evaluating this policy on several criteria, I think that is extremely effective in accomplishing its goal of reducing food insecurity within the United States.

Diabetes :: essays research papers

What is diabetes? Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Diabetes can be associated with serious complications and premature death, but persons with diabetes can take measures to reduce the likelihood of such occurrences. 15.7 million people -- 5.9% of the population -- have diabetes. But only 10.3 million people are diagnosed so that leaves 5.4 million people not diagnosed. Studies have found death rates to be twice as high among middle-aged people with diabetes as among middle-aged people without diabetes. Based on death certificate data, diabetes contributed to 193,140 deaths in 1996. Diabetes was the seventh leading cause of death listed on U.S. death certificates in 1996, according to CDC's National Center for Health Statistics. Diabetes is believed to be underreported on death certificates, both as a condition and as a cause of death. 6.3 million. 18.4% of all people 65 years and older have diabetes. 15.6 million. 8.2% of all people 20 years and older have diabetes. 123,000. 0.16% of all people under age 20 have diabetes. Prevalence data for diabetes among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are limited. Some groups within this population are at increased risk for diabetes. For example, data collected from 1988 to 1995 suggest that Native Hawaiians are twice as likely to have diagnosed diabetes as white residents of Hawaii. The four types of diabetes are:  · Type 1 diabetes was previously called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes. Type 1 diabetes may account for 5% to 10% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Risk factors are less well defined for type 1 diabetes than for type 2 diabetes, but autoimmune, genetic, and environmental factors are involved in the development of this type of diabetes  · Type 2 diabetes was previously called non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes. Type 2 diabetes may account for about 90% to 95% of all diagnosed cases of diabetes. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include older age, obesity, family history of diabetes, prior history of gestational diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance, physical inactivity, and race/ethnicity. African Americans, Hispanic/Latino Americans, American Indians, and some Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders are at particularly high risk for type 2 diabetes.  · Gestational diabetes develops in 2% to 5% of all pregnancies but disappears when a pregnancy is over.

Muslim Girls :: essays research papers

The central Bosnian village Dolina is located in a valley north of the Bosnian-Hercegovinian capital, Sarejevo. From a very early age Muslim girls are taught that their role as a female is to assist their mother with household chores and to serve the men. While her male siblings, who spend most of their time playing and walking around the village, are not expected to work around the house (Bringa 106). Muslim boys were given privileges because they were male. Muslim women usually did not leave the household for employment because they maintained the household agriculture, however they could sew and knit for other villagers. Women’s work mainly consisted of tending to the garden where they grew the vegetables for household consumption. The women also did the milking and the processing of cheese (Bringa 52-4). The busiest part of a Muslim woman’s day was in the morning when she did the cooking and the cleaning. A women’s daily routine, which includes social calls t o her neighbors, know as â€Å"coffee visits†, revolves around both her children and husband’s schedule. A woman was expected to be home whenever her husband was home (Bringa 87-8). The daily interaction between neighboring households occurs mainly through the women’s â€Å"coffee visits.† During the â€Å"coffee visits† the women are expected to uphold Muslim community values so as not to damage the reputation of their household (Bringa 91). Tone Bringa wrote: â€Å"as a wife a woman’s behavior was judged in relation to her behavior within the neighborhood and village, and in terms of her critical role as representative of the moral standing of her household on a daily basis†(105). Women determine and maintain the environment that exists within the household while the men are the providers of material substance (Bringa 86). The men spend most of their time working outside the village in nearby market towns or in the industrial suburb s of Sarajevo. Some of the most common jobs include bricklayer, welder, carpenter, electrician, car mechanic, warden, and lorry driver (Bringa 51). Fontana del Re is a poverty stricken neighborhood in Naples, Itlay. Just like in the Bosnian village of Dolina, the women of Fontana del Re, Naples tend to stay close to home while the men leave the area to find work. Life in Naples is focused on the mother. Thomas Belmonte wrote, the mother â€Å"is at the center because she controls and distributes the twin sources of human vitality, food and love† (89).

Immune System and New York Essay

HIV And Its Effects Elizabeth Grundy Psychology 102 Dr Peggy Peach October 10, 2001 HIV And Its Effects 2 HIV AND Its Effects The effects HIV has on a person, symptoms, risks, history and prevention will be explained. HIV is on a rise among sexually active people. According to Packer (1998), HIV, the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), is a member of a family of viruses. The first member HTLV-I and related to STLV-I researchers believe they both have a common ancestor in Africa. (P.13). This will be explained in the following questions: 1. What are the symptoms of HIV? 2. What are the risks to getting HIV? 3. What is the history of HIV? 4. What is the treatment for HIV? This research paper on HIV will be focused on these four questions. 1. What are the symptoms of HIV? According to Nash (1997), when a person infected with HIV has symptoms such as fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, and lymphadenopathy (persistent, unexplained swelling of the lymph nodes), but no opportunistic infections (illnesses that healthy immune systems fight off) or Kaposi’s sarcoma, he is said to have AIDS-related complex (ARC). The acronym ARC is not used as frequently as it was in the early years of the epidemic. AIDS is now thought of in term of a HIV continuum. It begins with HIV-positive diagnosis in a person who is not experiencing any symptoms. It continues to a symptomatic stage in which the person has opportunistic infections, HIV and Its Effects 3 andKaposi’s sarcoma, or any of the conditions previously used to define Arc, and the HIV-positive continuum ends with full-blown AIDS diagnosis (p.22). 2. What are the risks to getting HIV? According to Nash (1997) No one is safe if his or her behavior is not safe. You do not get HIV because of a group you belong to; you get HIV from exposure to the virus. HIV can be contracted through unprotected sex with an infected person, by sharing needles when using drugs, or by tattooing or piercing body parts with a needle that has been used on an infected person. (P 24). According to Draimin (1995) the four common most ways HIV can get into the  body, Dirty needles used to inject drugs, unprotected sexual intercourse, mother to fetus or new-born baby, and blood transfusion. (P.11) HIV is transferable through any kind of sexual contact: heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual. The means of transferring the virus is unprotected sex. The safe guards against contracting HIV are to have sex only when you are ready, to know your partner, and to protect yourself from possible infection every time you have sex by using a condom. The HIV virus, like some other viruses cannot live outside the body. It is killed by air. HIV requires a warm, wet place to live and be carried only in blood, sexual fluids, and possibly saliva. Sexual transmission of HIV means that the virus goes from fluid to fluid (semen, vaginal, and blood). The virus has to pass from fluid to fluids to stay alive. (Pp25-26) 3. What is the History of HIV? HIV and Its Effects 4 Hyde and Forsyth (1 996) In 1981, when the first mysterious cases of an unusual type of pneumonia began to appear, scientists have accumulated a large body of knowledge about HIV. The first alarm sounded before aids even had a name, when doctors realized that some formerly rare diseases were becoming common among homosexual men in the United States. The first well-documented cases of what was later called AIDS were found in San Francisco and New York in 1981. A young gay man in San Francisco was found to be suffering from severe fungal infection to which he had little immune reaction. In fact, his immune system did not respond to any disease. Then he developed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), a type of pneumonia that is caused by a parasite. This disease is usually found only in severely malnourished individuals or people who’s immune have been impaired by drugs such as those used in treatment of cancer. (p.56) According to Nash (1997) In 1982, three non-drug -injecting heterosexual men with hemophilia A developed AIDS and were reported to CDC. Hemophilia A, a blood -clotting defect, requires transfusions of blood-clotting factors derived from whol e blood. (p.29) In June 1981 the first report of what AIDS, published by CDC described the new disease as a collection of characteristics symptoms among various population groups. It was a narrow definition, involving the presence of one or more opportunistic infections or cancers, and signs that general failure of immune system had occurred. (Nash, 1997) 4 What is the treatment for HIV HIV and Its Effects 5 According to Nash (1997) AIDS symptoms typically takes years to develop after the initial infection.  Scientists are researching what they call immunotherapy. Vaccines to prevent or stop a disease from taking hold; immunotherapy intervenes before symptoms arise and rids the body of infection. Management drugs have come out such as; Azidothymidine (AZT), this is the first of its kind. It interferes with HIV reproduction inside the cell; it slows the process of AIDS down. An HIV- positive person who takes AZT before AIDS symptoms appear lives longer than those who did not. Dideoxycytidine (ddC) and dideoxyinosine (ddI) offer another approach to combine therapy. Death rates are lowered when ddC and ddI were taken in combination of ddC and AZT or ddI and AZT then those patients who took AZT alone. Ampligen-, which did not help the patients when administered, alone-used in combination with AZT increase the effectiveness of both drugs. Epivir (3TC) became the first new initial therapy since AZT. The combination therapy of 3TC and AZT lowered the amount of HIV in patients and boosted their immune system. Invirase (protease inhibitor) is designed to cripple an enzyme vital in late stages of HIV reproduction, which is used in combination of other anti-HIV drugs. They reduce the levels of the virus in some people and increase the number of immune cells in some patients previously depleted by the virus. In 1996 Ritonavir, another protease inhibitor was also approved. HIV and its effects on those we know and love are about learning to manage the illness. People need to practice safe sex and to and to pay attention to safe behavior. HIV and treatment have come along way. Medical science has along time to go before a cure. HIV and Its Effects 6 References Packer, K. (1998). HIV Infection The Facts You Need To Know. New York: Venture. Draimin, B. (1ed)(1995). Working Together Against AIDS. New York: The Rosen Publishing group. Nash, C. (1997). AIDSs Choice for life. Springfield, NJ: Enslow. : Hyde, M., & Forsyth, E. (1996). AIDS What Does It Mean To You? New York: Walker.

Why There We Have Winners and Losers in the Automotive Industry

One reasons that has exposed some automobile companies to severe vagaries of recession while sparing others is the existence of structural differences between the so called auto â€Å"transplants† or foreign auto mobile manufacturing in the United States and the major automobile companies incorporated and domiciled in the United States i. e. General Motors, Chrysler, Ford and the like.The so called ‘transplants’ better represented by Toyota, Hyundai and the like are structured in such a way that they can access credit from their mother countries most of which for instance were not severely affected by the recent recession if compared with the United States (Ohno, 1988). Their deep pocket and this ready pool of credit from their mother countries made them less susceptible to the vagaries of financial meltdown. Another factor that has prejudiced some automakers while favoring others is what analysts have called bad practices of the Big Three United States automakers .These ‘bad’ practices are the ones that are responsible for the big cost differentials that have existed for some time now between them and the ‘transplant’. Another tragedy that has benefited the transplants at the expense of the Big Three is the high prices of automobile fuels that have been occasioned by the recession (Ohno, 1988). In this regard the Big Three US automakers known for their SUVs and Pickup Trucks which normally consume more fuel have found themselves uncompetitive due to the avoidance of fuel guzzlers in the United States due to the high oil prices and reduced disposable income due to inflation.Most of those who have avoided these fuel guzzlers have migrated to the cheaper and more fuel efficient car made from the so called transplant i. e. Toyota, Hyundai, et al. The labor costs have also overwhelmed the Big Three US automakers more than others from foreign countries manufacturing in the United States (McCracken, 2006). This is due to t he fact that their workers are unionized and therefore able to press for high salaries while their non-unionized counterparts in the so called transplants do not have such powers (McCracken, 2006).Importance of the New Product Development for Corporation In regard to Toyota’s New Product Development Process with the launch of the Prius The development of new product whether in form of new innovations, new applications or even completely new goods is a necessary component in business because it enhances the viability of the company. By developing new product the company is able to make a mark in the industry which is one of the best survival strategy that today’s companies have perfected in their bid to withstand cutthroat competition that characterize today’s business environment.The importance of continuously and consistently developing new product in today’s business world is better captured in the statement â€Å"innovate or die† which has of la te become a popular catchphrase adopted by both small and large corporate bodies in reference to increasingly knowledgeable consumer demand for the latest and finest products. One of the companies that have embraced the idea of developing new products in an effort to remain competitive while still providing their customers with the newest and finest goods in the respective market is Toyota Corporation.Toyota which is the second largest automaker globally realizes that in order to maintain its brand visibility as a top automaker worldwide it has keep on innovating and coming up with new and more superior models (McCracken, 2006). All these Toyota models that have been launched in succession by Toyota Corporation are informed by this strategy. This strategy has been employed by Toyota for a long time now. However the most recent product of Toyota’s innovative product development is Toyota Prius. The development of Toyota Prius is in line with Toyota’s management desire t o develop newer and more superior cars for this century.The superiority of Prius as a new and different product from the other is better demonstrated by its superior features that include more spacious cabin space, relatively higher seat position, aerodynamic exterior, a 20km/little fuel economy, and a relatively small engine placed horizontally with a variable automatic transmission (McCracken, 2006). References Ohno, Taiichi, (1988). Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production. New York: Productivity Press McCracken, Jeffrey, (2006). Detroit’s Symbol of Dysfunction: Paying Employees Not to Work. The wall street journal online. 06 March 2006

Five Elements In The Rhetorical Situation

1. What are the five elements in the rhetorical situation? Use TRACE to help you remember.Text Reader Author Constraints Exigence2. How can a reader use the rhetorical situation to analyze an argument essay? How ca a viewer use the rhetorical situation to analyze an image? How can a writer use the rhetorical situation during the planning phase of writing a paper?They can analyze all objects above by using the TRACE analysis3. Why is the audience important in argument? What types of positions might an audience initially hold?The audience is important because without the audience you have no argument. You will not be able to prove your point with no audience. The audience may initially be a friendly audience, undecided audience, neutral audience, hostile audience, unfamiliar audience, or linked audience.4. What is a discourse community? To what discourse communities do you belong? How does a discourse community help establish common ground for its members?A discourse community is a gro up of people who share a set of discourses, understood as basic values and assumptions, and ways of communicating about those goals. I believe that we all, belong to several discourse communities it would just depend on the situation and what your beliefs are. It establishes common ground by having resources and peers interested in the same beliefs and ideas.5. What is the universal audience? What are the special qualities of this audience? Why is it a useful idea?A universal audience is one with distinct individual differences but also important common qualities. This universal audience is educated, reasonable, normal, adult, and willing to listen.

Restructuring of Sales and Marketing

Restructuring of Sales and Marketing HRM/531 2010 MEMORANDUM To: CEO, Kathy Kudler From: Date:2010 SUBJECT: Restructuring of Sales and Marketing The purpose of this memorandum is to inform the CEO of Kudler Fine Foods, Kathy Kudler on the restructuring of the sales and marketing team in alignment with the new initiatives the company is striving for. The restructure will consist of five new positions to support the restructure of the sales and marketing departments. I will explain the job descriptions and qualifications of the five new positions. Secondly, I will explain the training program to enhance the skills and qualification of the new and current employees. Thirdly, I will explain methods for evaluating employees and team performance, including a progressive discipline process. Fourth, challenges for team performance will be evaluated using several factors. Fifth, a comprehensive incentive and benefits packages will be addressed. Strategies for managing employees’ career will be offered by promotions and educational opportunities. Lastly, a fair and appropriate compensation plan will be addressed. Job Description and Qualifications The first-level management position leading the sales and marketing team will be a Program Manager. Max James, PM, will research, develop, and implement a new marketing program for Kudler Fine Foods. The position requires him to define problems, develop a research plan, collect relative information, develop findings, scheduling and then take marketing and sales action. The new sales team will have a Marketing/Sales Manager. The manager must be able to identify problems, develop course of actions, analyze the course of actions, make a decision based on the analyzed courses of actions, and implement the decision. He or she will be responsible for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling the personal selling functions. He or she is to manage the marketing resources of Kudler Fine Foods. He or she must maintain a reliable, competent, dependable, and customer oriented department through training, supervising, directing and delegation of responsibilities of four team members. The manager must provide recommendations and feedback to the Program Manager on a bi-weekly basis. A Marketing Analyst will also be needed to support the Marketing and Sales Manager. He or she will be responsible for planning and executing the marketing strategy for products, services or ideas to create and enhance sales for Kudler Fine Foods. He or she must demonstrate the ability to work effectively under pressure and within a collaborative team oriented environment using sound judgment in decision-making. A Marketing Analyst must possess a strong relationship management skill with external and internal customers; He or she must possess excellent communication skills both oral and written and have strong presentation skills with the ability to translate analytics to reports. A bachelor's degree in marketing, mathematics, statistics, a related field or equivalent education required. Two or more years of analytics experience including applying statistical tools and techniques to analyze consumer and market research required. A Marketing Communication Coordinator is another position needed to support the Sales and Marketing Manager. He or she will manage phone book, radio, newspaper, and television advertisement for Kudler Fine Foods. This position requires bachelor's degree with 2 years experience in Marketing Communications environment. A Marketing Communication Coordinator must be able to execute multiple, time-sensitive projects at once for Kudler Fine Foods. He or she must have extensive knowledge of layout, design, print, photography, and website best practices. He or she must have familiarity with budgets and understanding of the importance of budget management. He or she must be proficient with all Microsoft Office applications, including Word, Excel and PowerPoint. Exceptional communications skills are required. The position also requires maintaining inventory of advertisement products and ensuring adequate supply of brochures and other materials are available upon request. Lastly, the department will need an Implementation Specialist. The specialist will support Kudler’s managers prioritize and launch new products by implementing new plans for upcoming/future years. The position requires excellent written and oral communication skills and presentation skills, including the ability to address a wide range of audiences. He or she must demonstrate success in product launches and history of initiative planning/organizing and implementation accomplishments. He or she must have strong problem solving skills. He or she must have a minimum of 2 years experience with new product implementations or experience in a product support role. The position requires a bachelor's degree in business or marketing. Training Program The five new hired employees all will have some level of marketing and sales experience, but will need to go through training to become familiar with Kudler Fine Foods products, prices, current operation procedure, and organization structure. The training will outline current competitors based on current and previous market analysis. The training program will enhance sales and marketing knowledge in order to facilitate quantifiable achievement. The training will assist the new hired team in their duties and responsibilities as it’s relate to Kudler Fine Foods. The objective of the training to prepare train, support, and guide the new team professionally in accordance with Kudler Fine Foods policies and procedures. Method for Evaluating Employee and Team Performance After much consideration, the method of evaluating employee and team performance will consist of performance appraisals and feedback. Timely feedback is a crucial part of a successful performance appraisal system. The feedback from the performance management program can be used in setting performance goals. The employees will receive an initial appraisal to set the goals and objectives. The employees will receive a monthly, quarterly, semi-annual, and annual feedback to measure performance based on his or her responsibilities. The team will receive a performance appraisal each quarter. Employees that do not meet his or her responsibilities will be put on a stringent re-training discipline program. The employee will be affixed with a pre-determined employee who will mentor and assist the employee in the areas he or she is failing. The employee will be re-evaluated after 30 days on his or her performance. â€Å"From an employee’s perspective, lack of regular feedback about performance detracts from his or her quality of work life. Most people want to improve their performance on the job, to receive constructive suggestions regarding areas they need to work on, to be commended for things that they do well. The cost of failure to provide feedback may result in the loss of key professional employees, the continued poor performance standards, and a loss of commitment by all employees. In sum, the myth that employees know how they are doing without adequate feedback from management can be an expensive fantasy† (Casio, 2005). Challenges of Team Performance Evaluation One type of appraisal system to be used by Kudler Fine Foods is the individual appraisal system. The system is designed to set goals, objectives, measure, and provide feedback. The individual appraisal system is to reward, and recognize the performance of an employee. The other type of appraisal is a team appraisal system. The team appraisal system is designed to allow the team to be evaluated as a group or whole. It becomes difficult to measure the team performance based on job description that may not apply to each member of the team. When designing a team appraisal system, the evaluation must be based on a measurable standard established for the entire team. The appraisal system must also be developed in a manner that offers a specific standard of performance for the entire team that can be applied to each member of the team individually. The individual evaluation to achieve a team goal makes a team appraisal system unique in itself. The motivation and expectation is clearly defined as such; employees need to feel valued in their position; an employee will consider that he or she is treated fairly if he or she perceives the ratio of his or her input to his or her outcomes to be equivalent to those around them. Thus, all else being equal, it would be acceptable for a more senior colleague to receive higher compensation, since the value of his experience (an input) is higher. The way people base their experience with satisfaction for their job is to make comparisons with themselves to the people they work with (Wikipedia, 2010). Expectations by employees from management are an important part of a team success. The team needs to know what, when, where, and how the task or goal should be accomplished or completed. By knowing the expectations will motivate the team and the individual employees to work hard at accomplishing the task. Some key expectations that are set in place are attendance, quality of work, teamwork, priorities, and individual work performance required. The goal is to balance team equity. If team equity is balanced, it motivates the employees to compete and work harder to do quality work. If equity is not balanced, employees will not be motivated to do their best work. When employees fail to do their best work, the company suffers tremendously from this effect. If pay levels of team members are unknown to one another, then individual equity would have no impact on team performance because individuals would only assume what others make. If a team member feels he or she is not rewarded properly or acknowledge for his or her input and stress or disappointment could impact the performance of the team or group. In order for Kudler to prevent loafing in the team setting, individuals will be assessed on all levels, as a team and an individual, which will help to ensure individual contribution. According to (Cascio, 2005), the two steps to take in order to prevent â€Å"free riding†, are to conduct individual performance evaluations and to encourage individuals’ behavior and skills that contribute to team performance. For a team to succeed, team members should either have different roles and or possess different skills to support the team. Different skills must be required to achieve goals of the team, (Clark, 2010). Individual employees shall be held accountable for contributions to the team effort. Individual employees shall help other members of the team believe their effort is important to the team success. Lastly, individual employees shall make members of the team fell each of his or her job is of equal valuable and important. Incentives and Benefits Packages Kudler Fine Foods Compensation Plan is established to attract qualified employees, to retain employees, and to motivate employees to direct their efforts towards achieving the goals assigned by the company. The five new employees will be on salary plan. A pay band will be established for each position title. The salary will be based on education and experience. To maximize the effectiveness of the compensation plan, Kudler Fine food will provide employees with benefit packages that include: Retirement Savings Plan 401(k), health insurance, vision care, dental care, life insurance, one week paid vacation, paid holidays. â€Å"While money is a powerful tool used to capture the minds and hearts of workers and maximize their productivity, don’t underestimate the impact of non-financial rewards† (Casio, 2005). Strategies for Managing Employees’ Career Development At Kudler Fine Foods employees are their greatest asset. The structure of the positions allows for career growth of all employees of the sales and marketing department. Managers must annually conduct an individual career development plan for its employees. The plan will identify tools necessary to help an employee develop knowledge and skills needed for his or her current position as well as future job opportunities. Managers will support requests for flexible work schedules for its employees. Each employee will receive a development plan during its initial job orientation/counseling and periodic reviews throughout the year. Feedback will be given semi-annual and one year performance appraisal. A Fair and Appropriate Compensation Plan Employees within the sales and marketing department are diverse in gender, culture, sex, ethnicity, age and much more. Diversity within the workplace affects directly the performance and results of the organization, thus, it is important to acknowledge people’s differences and recognize these differences as valuable assets to the company; it enhances good management practices by preventing discrimination and promoting acceptance inclusiveness. Thanks. References Cascio, W. , (2005). Managing Human Resources: Productivity, Quality of Work Life, Profits, (7th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill, Ch 9 Cascio, W. , (2005). Managing Human Resources: Productivity, Quality of Work Life, Profits, (7th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill, Ch 11 Clark, R. (2010). Research-Tested Team Motivation Strategies. Retrieved March 28, 2010, from http://www. cogtech. usc. edu/publications/clark_team_motivation. pdf Wikipedia, (2010). Motivation and Expectation. Retrieved March 27, 2010, from http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Special%3ASearch=motivation+and+expectat ion=Search

Education of Women and Girls Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Education of Women and Girls - Research Paper Example From the discussion it is clear that  80 percent of out-of-school girls in Yemen and 62 percent in Pakistan are unlikely even to enter school, compared with 36 percent of boys in Yemen and 27 percent in Pakistan. The situation is the most dramatic in sub-Saharan Africa, where 12 million girls are unlikely to enroll. In 2007, eighteen sub-Saharan countries had the gender parity index (GPI) of less than 0,90, which meant that they had not achieved the goal of gender parity in primary schooling, set by UNESCO for 2005.  This paper discusses that  there is a strong inverse relation between gender parity and school enrolment; in poor countries with a low enrolment ratio there is usually a large disparity between boys and girls out-of-school. Thus, several developing countries have included strategies to reach gender parity as part of their wider policies aimed to provide all children with universal primary education. The policy measures introduced in Yemen to increase the gender par ity index contributed significantly to the increase in enrolment from 2.3 million in 1999 to 3.2 million in 2005. The interventions targeted at out-of-school girls, such as providing girls in grades 1 to 6 with free textbooks and employing more female teachers in rural areas, enabled many girls to enroll, which lead to an increased number of all school children. Due to security concerns and household labor demands, few parents decide to enroll their daughters in schools far away from home.

GENETIC VARIATION IN B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE PATHWAY AFFECTS BNP Research Proposal

GENETIC VARIATION IN B-TYPE NATRIURETIC PEPTIDE PATHWAY AFFECTS BNP LEVEL in the diagnosis of Heart failure - Research Proposal Example To help establish the outcomes, the study will be embedded on extracting DNA samples from 80 patients undergoing elective cardiac catheterization and analyzing with exclusion done on patients with elevated troponin. This will be driven by a detailed data collection including laboratory, standard demographic, catheterization and echocardiographic data. The Genotype will be evaluated at 19 loci on five BNP’s pathway relevant genes (Knowles, Erickson, Guy et al, 2003). To access the incremental influence of the genetic variants, the researcher will employ the Multivariate linear regression of logBNP model adjusted for clinical variables. The proposal will thus try to help properly incorporate the use of NPs to improve the levels of accuracy with respect to decisions made in an emergency setting to curb the missed incidence of diagnostic failures for HF. This will be measured by reduced cases of fatigue, dyspnea, and fluid retention that are all predisposing factors to HF based on cardiac dysfunction hence presenting difficulties in diagnosing HF. The missed incidence are hence strongly correlate to highly significant mortality increases, presenting the need for designing effective diagnostic tools with higher degrees of specification and sensitivity that if employed, can help weed out the increased cases of HF missed diagnose s and particularly, in the busy Heart failure is characterized by its typical but non-specific symptoms like fatigue, dyspnea and fluid retention caused by dysfunction of cardiac which present daunting challenges for diagnosis of HF culminating into increased missed incidence hence higher mortality rates. For this reason, the topic has captured the attention of various researchers to help design effective mechanism and approaches that can be used during diagnosis to detect this catastrophic cardiovascular disease quickly and accurately. For instance, to gauge the potentiality of NPs in augmenting the clinical judgment and/or standard

Agile software & adapting agile practices Essay

Agile software & adapting agile practices - Essay Example Financials Company wants to expand its business with tripling its business. But this strategic plan demands the need of new development of the strategies for the company. The implementation of agile software for the development process of the project has various Critical success factors for the software. But on the hand the implementation of the project involves several risks in which can lead to the failure for the firm. Te main failure factor which can affect the implementation process for the firm can be referred as Organizational, People, Process and Technical process. Lack of sponsorship from executive can be problem for the company. The traditional practice of the firm’s culture can be a hindrance for the implementation process successfully. Adapting the new system is not easy for a large organization without agile logical arrangement. The skill set of the people is also very essential for the proper management of the project. Bad customer relationship is another issue o f risk for the project implementation. If the project scope, requirements and planning are ill defined then it can be a factor for the failure of the project. Technically the project may also face several risk issues. The agile practice is needed to be completely correct. The tools and technology used should also be appropriate with the project (Chow, Cao, 2008, 963). The Agile software development method involves extreme programming and it promised to offer very high performance on adopting it throughout (Stamelos, Sfetsos, 2007, p. 187). The innovation and Risk involved depends on the motivation and risk handling capabilities of the employees. Migrating from one system to another system like to XP may need changes in the practice of the employees. XP does not provide support just at the beginning of the project development thus implementation with innovation and risk analysis is automatically done by the employees. XP works with very indistinguishable requirements thus the develop ment team need to be very creative and innovative and skilled in the work to cope with the unwanted events in the process. Due to the interaction with the customers while development of the software is in progress the developers need to be flexible enough to cater the demands of the customers otherwise it may lead to wrong direction following the instruction of the customers. Due to the incremental development of agile development process it involves high chance of risk which is unavoidable for the developers during the development process. Understanding the mistakes in the implementation process is the most important aspects for the developers to handle risk involved in the project development. Companies if acts negatively against the mistakes done by employees will never allow any innovation process and employees will not be able to handle pressure with the practice (Tolfo, Wazlawick, 2008, p. 1957). Question 2: What should be the management and organizational principles for this project? Agile methodology doesn’t need the elimination of the existing practice of the firm completely. Rather modification of some practices can also implement agile technique of project management. At the iteration level as well as in the release planning level the basic of the management approach is developed into Scrum. It is the organization who defines the project management role which is needed to be performed. In agile methodology it is not developed with proper planning or assigned role rather the development is done

Education policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Education policy - Essay Example Researches (Eagle, 1989; Henderson & Berla, 1994; U.S. Department of Education, 1994; Ziegler, 1987) confirm that when families are involved in their children's education, 'children earn higher grades and receive higher scores on tests, attend school more regularly, complete more homework, demonstrate more positive attitudes and behaviours, graduate from high school at higher rates, and are more likely to enrol in higher education than students with less involved families' (Hoover-Dempsey, K.V., & Sandler, H.M., 1997). So that, it's so important to involve parents in educational programmes of their children as an important goal for schools. Education here plays the major role, so that the child's education is a shared responsibility of the school and the home. At school he is said to be given knowledge common for the whole class and meant for the children of particular age taking into account their level of mental, physical and social development. At home parents can help their offshoots to solve the possible problems which can emerge at school; they can also help them to come through the adaptation process to the new surrounding and new system of communication successfully. 'Outside the school, the home is the most salient source of learning, encouragement and support for a child', notices Alison Rich (Rich, A., 2001). She also stresses upon the 'parental resources' which refers to 'income level, parental education and parental employment'. This is urgent because family income can increase educational opportunities of a child greatly by providing him with a bigger number of books and educational tools. Besides this, p arents with higher level of education tend to have children who are much interested in their self-improve and realization thus giving them much motivation for their finishing high school and continuing educational steps on higher levels. On the contrary, children from unemployed families tend to be backward in education and have smaller level of motivation for studying. All these facts stress upon the fact of importance of parental participation in their children's development process, educational process in particular, to set a good example for them. There also some factors that can be a rather positive impulse for children to like school and are eager to study. This is a notion of 'parental involvement in a child's education' that 'can be crucial in developing a child's academic ability and confidence' (Rich, A., 2001). Parents can actively participate in their child's school life, taking part in 'school committees, attending sporting and social events, attending parent teacher nights, volunteering and so on' (Rich, A., 2001). Doing this they show their great involvement into their children's life that gives their offshoots a sense of responsibility for their deeds and their progress in studies. Parents can also provide a suitable home environment for children to be ready for school, and to know that in case something goes wrong with their studies they can learn at home and improve their knowledge. Psychology deals with the notion of 'psychological readiness of a child for school'. This includes all the facts that influence a young person to be ready to face and to step into a new system of